Tech Glossary

2FA adds a second proof, such as an authenticator app, SMS code, or security key, on top of a password during sign-in.

A 301 redirect tells browsers and search engines that an old URL has permanently moved to a new address through an HTTP response.

3D Secure is an EMVCo payment security protocol where the issuing bank adds an authentication step to online card payments.

A/B testing measures two design, copy, or feature variants with real user traffic to learn which option performs better.

ABAC is an authorization model that evaluates user, resource, action, and environment attributes instead of relying only on roles.

Abandoned cart recovery brings shoppers back to unfinished carts through permission-based email, SMS, ads, or on-site reminder flows.

Accounting integration moves sales, payment, inventory, and e-Fatura data into accounting or ERP systems with traceable, reliable automation.

ACID describes Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, the transaction guarantees that keep database writes reliable.

Agentic AI is an AI approach where systems plan tasks, use tools, and adjust their next steps instead of producing a single reply.

Agile develops products in short cycles, uses feedback to adjust direction, and treats planning as a living part of software delivery.

An AI agent is a software component that uses an LLM, tools, and data sources to plan steps and complete a defined goal.

AI guardrails are control layers that constrain model inputs, outputs, and tool use against safety, policy, and quality rules.

An AI workflow connects model calls, data steps, business rules, and human reviews into a repeatable automated process.

Anomaly detection automatically flags transactions, metrics, or events that fall outside the normal range learned from past behavior.

Ansible automates server setup, configuration management, and application deployment with YAML playbooks and no persistent agent.

Answer engine optimization shapes content so search, voice, and AI systems can turn it into concise, accurate, and sourceable answers.

Anycast advertises the same IP address from multiple locations and uses BGP routing to send traffic to the nearest or best network point.

Apache Kafka is a distributed log-based messaging platform designed for processing high-volume real-time data streams.

An API is a contract that lets software systems request approved data or actions from one another through documented endpoints.

API caching stores frequently requested responses for a short time so the same data does not need to be recomputed or reread.

API contract testing compares consumer expectations with provider responses through contracts such as OpenAPI or Pact.

API documentation explains endpoints, authentication, parameters, sample requests, responses, and errors so developers can integrate reliably.

A REST endpoint is an API entry point where an HTTP method and URL path expose a specific resource or operation to clients.

API error handling returns failed requests with correct HTTP codes, machine-readable fields, and useful messages for developers.

An API Gateway sits between clients and services to centralize routing, authentication, quotas, observability, and versioning.

API Gateway security centralizes authentication, quotas, WAF rules, and traffic visibility at the API entry point.

API integration connects separate software systems so they can exchange data securely and keep workflows automated.

An API key identifies an application or developer and supports quota tracking, access limits, and basic server-to-server security.

An API marketplace combines API discovery, testing, subscriptions, pricing, documentation, and key management in one platform.

An API mock imitates expected endpoints and responses so frontend, mobile, and test teams can move before the real service is ready.

An API quota limits the total calls, data volume, or operations a customer, application, or key may use within a defined period.

API security protects endpoints with authentication, authorization, encryption, rate limits, and monitoring against misuse or data leaks.

API testing validates endpoint responses, error codes, performance, and authorization behavior through repeatable test scenarios.

API versioning defines a release strategy for new fields, rules, and endpoint changes without breaking existing clients.

App Store optimization improves a mobile app listing so it is easier to discover and more convincing in app marketplaces.

APM tracks application latency, errors, transactions, and resource use so teams can diagnose performance issues in production.

An approval workflow routes decisions such as quotes, purchases, or leave requests to the right people based on authority rules.

ARIA adds roles, states, and properties to HTML so assistive technologies can understand custom interface components.

ARR shows the annual recurring portion of subscription revenue, tracked in SaaS for growth, pricing, and forecasting decisions.

Artificial intelligence uses data-driven models to classify, predict, generate content, or support decisions in software systems.

ASO optimizes app titles, keywords, visuals, and conversion signals to improve visibility inside mobile app stores.

Astro is a web framework for content-heavy sites that ships HTML first and loads JavaScript only where interaction needs it.

Asynchronous programming keeps applications responsive by running network, file, and other waiting work without blocking execution.

An audit log records critical system actions with user, time, resource, and outcome details to leave an inspectable trail.

Auto scaling automatically increases or decreases resource count based on CPU, memory, queue, or traffic thresholds.

Automation is the use of software or technology to perform repetitive business processes automatically, without human intervention.

Automation ROI measures the return on automation investment, considering time savings, error reduction, and cost decrease.

AVIF is a modern image format using AV1 compression to deliver near-high quality web visuals at small file sizes.

AWS is Amazon's broad cloud platform offering compute, storage, database, networking, and artificial intelligence services.

A BFF creates a separate backend layer for web, mobile, or other interfaces, shaping API responses for each client.

A backlink is a link from another site that can signal trust, topical relevance, and authority to search engines.

A backup strategy defines how often, where, and how data is copied so teams can recover from outages, mistakes, or attacks.

Bandwidth is the maximum data capacity a connection can carry per second; it does not define perceived speed by itself.

A barcode encodes product or asset information as bars and spaces so optical scanners can identify items quickly.

Batch processing runs data in scheduled groups rather than instantly, producing reports, transfers, or transformations.

bcrypt hashes passwords with salts and an adjustable cost factor, making brute-force attacks harder after a data leak.

BDD describes expected behavior with Given-When-Then scenarios, creating a shared language between business and technical teams.

BGP is the internet routing protocol where autonomous systems announce which IP prefixes can be reached through which paths.

Big data is the practice of processing and analyzing datasets whose volume, speed, or variety exceeds traditional tools.

Binary search finds a target in sorted data by halving the range each step, aiming for O(log n) lookup time on sorted collections.

Biometric authentication uses device biometrics such as face or fingerprint checks for login and sensitive approvals.

Blob storage keeps images, videos, backups, and other unstructured files in scalable cloud buckets without requiring a file server.

Blue-green deployment releases a new version beside the live one, then switches traffic so rollback is fast and downtime is minimal.

A BOM lists every raw material, part, subassembly, and quantity needed to manufacture or assemble a product accurately.

Bootstrap is an open-source CSS framework with grid, components, and utilities for building responsive web interfaces quickly.

Bounce rate measures the share of visits that leave without meaningful engagement, helping teams spot weak pages or traffic mismatch.

BPM manages business processes by mapping, measuring, improving, and automating workflows so operations run consistently.

BPMN is a standard notation for showing business events, tasks, decisions, and flows with symbols both business and technical teams can read.

A brute force attack tries many password or key combinations automatically until one works, often targeting login and admin panels.

Bun is a fast JavaScript and TypeScript toolchain that combines runtime, package manager, test runner, and bundler.

BI turns company data into reports, dashboards, and analysis models that make decision-making processes visible.

Business reporting turns operational, sales, finance, or inventory data into recurring metrics and views that support day-to-day decisions.

Buy now, pay later lets shoppers receive goods immediately while paying in installments or after a delay through an alternative payment provider.

A cache stores frequently used data temporarily so applications can respond quickly without repeating expensive origin requests.

Canary deployment sends a small share of traffic to a new release first, then expands rollout only if metrics stay healthy.

A canonical URL is an HTML tag that tells search engines the preferred version of a page to prevent duplicate content issues.

Cart abandonment occurs when a shopper adds products to the cart but leaves before completing checkout, payment, and order confirmation.

A CDN caches static content on edge servers near users, reducing latency, bandwidth pressure, and load on the origin server.

Celery is a Python task queue for running email, report, integration, and other long-running work asynchronously outside web requests.

Chaos engineering tests resilience by injecting controlled failures and observing whether systems keep working under real-world stress.

A chatbot is a conversational interface that answers user requests through scripted flows, retrieval, or AI-generated responses.

Chunking splits long text into meaningful, manageable passages that search and RAG systems can retrieve accurately.

Churn rate measures the share of customers or revenue lost in a period, showing retention health in subscription businesses.

A CI pipeline automatically builds, tests, and analyzes code changes so teams can merge to the main branch with confidence.

CI/CD makes software releases repeatable by moving code changes through automated build, test, and deployment pipelines.

The circuit breaker pattern stops calls to failing dependencies temporarily, preventing cascading failures and wasted resources.

Clean Code is a way of writing software that makes intent clear, keeps units small, and reduces the cost of future change.

Clickjacking tricks users into clicking hidden or disguised interface elements, often by framing a trusted page inside another site.

Cloud cost optimization reduces waste from idle resources, oversized capacity, and poor pricing choices without harming reliability.

Cloudflare is a global internet platform providing DNS, CDN, security, performance, and edge compute services from one network.

Cloudflare Pages hosts static sites and frontend apps through Git-based deployments on Cloudflare's global edge network.

Cloudflare Workers runs JavaScript and Web API based serverless code on Cloudflare's edge network without managing servers.

CLS measures how much unexpected layout movement disrupts visual stability while a page loads, as part of Core Web Vitals.

A CMS lets non-technical teams create, edit, organize, and publish website content through an administration interface.

A CNAME record maps one domain name to another as an alias, commonly used for subdomains, SaaS apps, and CDN endpoints.

Code coverage shows which lines, branches, or functions automated tests executed, helping reveal untested parts of a codebase.

Code push delivers JavaScript or asset updates to a mobile app over the air without waiting for a full store release.

Code review checks code changes before merge so teams catch logic errors, security gaps, and maintainability issues early.

Code splitting breaks JavaScript into route or component chunks so the browser downloads only the code needed for the current view.

A cold start is the extra latency when a serverless function or scaled instance initializes before handling its first request.

Computer vision combines AI and image processing to extract objects, text, defects, or motion from photos, video, and camera feeds.

Concurrency structures software so several tasks make progress in the same time window, using wait time instead of blocking work.

A connection pool keeps database or service connections open for reuse, lowering latency and connection overhead under traffic.

A container query lets CSS change a component's styles based on its container size instead of the browser viewport width.

A container registry stores tagged Docker or OCI images and supplies a trusted source for CI/CD pipelines and Kubernetes deployments.

A content cluster is an SEO architecture that connects related pages around a core topic to cover search intent in depth.

Content delivery serves static files, media, and pages from infrastructure close to users to improve speed, availability, and resilience.

Content negotiation lets an HTTP client request a preferred representation, such as JSON or HTML, while the server selects the best match.

A context window is the total token capacity a language model can read and consider while generating one response in a single request.

Conversational AI lets software understand language, keep context, and complete multi-turn conversations over text or voice.

Conversion rate measures the percentage of visitors who complete a target action such as buying, signing up, or submitting a form.

CRO is the data-led process of improving how often website or app visitors complete a desired business action.

A cookie is a small browser-stored value tied to a domain, used for sessions, preferences, consent, and limited tracking.

Coolify is an open-source self-hosted PaaS that simplifies deploying apps, databases, and services on your own servers.

Core Web Vitals are Google's field metrics for web experience, measuring loading speed, responsiveness, and visual stability.

CORS uses HTTP headers to tell browsers which origins may safely read responses from an API hosted on another origin.

CQRS separates commands from queries so write models and read models can be designed, scaled, and secured for different needs.

Crawl budget is the crawl capacity and priority a search engine gives a site, affecting which URLs are discovered and refreshed.

Credential stuffing is an account takeover attack that automatically tests leaked usernames and passwords across many services.

CRM centralizes customers, opportunities, and interaction history so teams can manage relationships through measurable sales processes.

A cron job is a scheduled Unix/Linux task that runs backups, reports, synchronization, or maintenance at fixed times or intervals.

Cross-sell recommends complementary products or services that fit what the customer chose, improving basket value and product usefulness.

CSP tells the browser which scripts, styles, images, and connections are allowed, limiting the impact of XSS and injection flaws.

CSRF tricks a logged-in user's browser into sending an unwanted state-changing request, often by abusing automatic cookies.

CSS defines the visual presentation of HTML, including colors, typography, spacing, layout, and responsive behavior in browsers.

CSS animation changes visual properties such as color, position, opacity, or scale over time directly in the browser.

CSS custom properties store reusable design values such as colors and spacing, making themes and component styling easier to manage.

Flexbox is a CSS layout model for aligning items on one axis, distributing space, and adapting to changing content sizes.

CSS Grid is a CSS layout system for building flexible, responsive two-dimensional web layouts across rows and columns.

CTR measures how often an ad, search result, or link is clicked after being shown; clicks are divided by impressions.

cURL is a command-line tool for sending URL-based requests, inspecting responses, and automating API tests or diagnostics.

Customer success helps customers reach the outcome they bought the product for while managing churn risk and expansion opportunities.

CVE assigns unique identifiers to publicly disclosed security flaws so teams can track exposure and prioritize remediation.

Dark mode is a dark-background interface theme that must balance contrast, accessibility, brand colors, and user preference.

A dashboard visualizes key metrics on one screen so teams can monitor status, make decisions, and prioritize action.

Data governance defines ownership, quality rules, access controls, and compliance practices so business data can be trusted.

A data lake stores raw and processed data in scalable storage for analytics, machine learning, exploration, and archiving.

Data masking protects personal or sensitive production data in test, analytics, and support environments with hidden or fake values.

A data pipeline collects, cleans, transforms, and moves data from sources to a target system for reporting or analytics.

Data synchronization keeps records aligned across two or more systems so operations stay consistent and up to date.

A data warehouse stores cleaned, structured data from multiple sources for analytics queries, KPI tracking, and business reporting.

A database index stores selected columns in a separate data structure so queries can avoid scanning a table from start to finish.

Database indexing creates auxiliary data structures on selected columns so queries find rows faster without scanning every record.

Database migration changes schema or data structures in versioned steps so the database stays aligned with application code.

Database migration applies table, column, index, and data transformation changes through versioned files in a controlled way.

Database normalization organizes relational tables around dependencies to reduce duplication and protect consistency as data changes.

Database replication copies data across multiple servers to improve availability, redundancy, and read capacity without moving the primary workload.

A database transaction groups reads and writes into one unit of work that either commits completely or rolls back safely.

DAU/MAU compares daily active users with monthly active users to show how often people return and how sticky a product is.

DDD models complex business domains through domain language, bounded contexts, and software structures aligned with real rules.

DDoS is an attack that floods a service from many sources, requiring capacity, filtering, monitoring, and mitigation planning.

A dead letter queue separates messages that cannot be processed so teams can inspect errors, retry safely, and avoid data loss.

Deep learning uses multi-layer neural networks to learn patterns from large datasets for vision, language, audio, and prediction tasks.

A deep link sends users directly to specific content, product, or action screens instead of opening only an app's home screen.

Deep linking sends users to a specific screen, item, or campaign step inside an app instead of only opening the home screen.

Dependency injection lets a class receive the dependencies it needs from the outside instead of constructing them itself.

Dependency management controls package versions, licenses, compatibility, and security updates across a software project.

A deque is a double-ended queue that allows efficient insertion and removal at both the front and back of a collection.

A design pattern describes a proven approach to recurring software design problems, independent of a specific language or framework.

A design system combines interface components, design tokens, and usage rules to keep product experiences consistent.

DevOps aligns software development and operations through shared processes, automation, metrics, and more reliable delivery.

Disaster recovery restores systems after outages or data loss within target RTO and RPO limits through tested plans.

Distributed tracing follows a request across services with a trace identifier, showing where latency, errors, or retries occur.

DKIM adds a cryptographic signature to email so receiving servers can verify that a domain authorized and preserved the message.

DMARC combines SPF and DKIM results with domain policy and reporting so email senders can reduce spoofing and phishing risk.

DNS maps readable domain names to IP addresses so browsers, email servers, and APIs can reach the right destination without hard-coded numbers.

DNS propagation is the period during which a changed DNS record spreads through recursive resolvers and caches around the world.

A DNS record is an instruction that tells a domain where to send web traffic, email, verification checks, or other internet requests.

Docker packages application code and dependencies into container images so the same service can run consistently in development, test, and production.

Docker Compose defines multiple containers in one YAML file so local development and test environments can run as a coordinated stack.

The DOM turns an HTML or XML document into a tree of objects that browsers can read and change through JavaScript.

Domain Authority is Moz's 1-100 SEO metric that estimates how competitive a domain may be in organic search results.

A domain name is the memorable internet address people use to reach a website, application, API, or email service.

Drizzle ORM is a lightweight TypeScript ORM for managing database schemas and SQL queries with compile-time type safety.

Dropshipping is a retail model where the store sells products without holding inventory and forwards orders to a supplier for fulfillment.

Dynamic pricing changes prices automatically or semi-automatically based on demand, inventory, competition, margin, and timing rules.

E-Archive is Turkey's electronic invoicing format for sales outside e-Fatura scope, created and stored under GİB rules.

E-commerce is the digital sale and management of products or services through websites, marketplaces, mobile apps, and connected systems.

E-E-A-T is Google's quality framework for evaluating signals of experience, expertise, authority, and trust in content.

e-Fatura is Turkey's GİB-regulated electronic invoice format, commonly integrated with ERP and accounting systems for automated processing.

e-Ledger, or e-Defter, creates Turkish journal and general ledger records in GİB-compliant XBRL GL format and validates them with certificates.

e-Reconciliation digitizes account balance and transaction confirmations with customers or suppliers, including sending, tracking, replies, and reporting.

e-SMM is Turkey's electronic self-employment receipt, created, delivered, stored, and reported to GİB for professional service income.

e-Waybill, or e-Irsaliye, is the Turkish electronic dispatch note issued, transmitted, stored, and presented under GİB e-document rules.

Edge computing processes data or application logic closer to users instead of sending every request to one central server.

Edge rendering generates pages at locations close to the user instead of a central server, reducing latency for dynamic content.

EDI lets companies exchange orders, invoices, shipment notices, and inventory messages between systems in standard formats.

Elasticsearch is a distributed search engine for fast full-text search, filtering, and analytics over large text and log datasets.

Email deliverability measures whether sent messages reach the recipient's inbox instead of being rejected, delayed, or placed in spam.

An embedding represents text, images, products, or other data as numeric vectors that can be compared for semantic similarity.

Encryption turns readable data into a cryptographic form that only authorized parties can decrypt using the right key and algorithm.

Encryption at rest protects data stored on disks, databases, or backups with keys, reducing exposure from unauthorized access.

An end-to-end test validates a user journey across the UI, API, database, and integrations in a flow close to real usage.

Environment management separates development, testing, staging, and production settings, data, secrets, and release versions.

An ERD visualizes database entities, attributes, and relationships so teams can understand and review data model decisions.

ERP manages finance, inventory, sales, production, HR, and supply chain processes through a shared enterprise data model.

ETL extracts data from multiple sources, transforms it, and loads it into a data warehouse or reporting system on a schedule.

Event sourcing stores application state as ordered, immutable records of changes rather than only keeping the latest value.

Event-driven architecture lets systems react through independent components when events such as orders, payments, or stock changes occur.

Event-driven automation starts workflows when a user action, system log, or integration message appears instead of waiting for manual checks.

Expo is a React Native toolchain that simplifies building, testing, updating, and publishing cross-platform mobile apps.

Express.js is a Node.js framework that simplifies routing, middleware, and HTTP response handling for web applications and APIs.

The Factory pattern moves object creation decisions into a producer component so client code stays independent of concrete classes.

Feature adoption measures how many users discover, try, and keep using a new or important product capability in their workflow.

A feature branch keeps new work in a separate Git branch, making experiments, reviews, and merges easier to control.

Feature engineering transforms raw data into meaningful variables that machine learning models can learn from and act on.

A feature flag controls who sees a feature and when it is enabled, without requiring a new code deployment, separating release decisions from deploys.

Feature parity aims to give users equivalent access to core capabilities across web, iOS, Android, or different product versions.

A featured snippet is a SERP result that shows a short answer, list, or table for a query and can increase page visibility.

Figma is a UI/UX tool that brings interface design, prototyping, design systems, and developer handoff into one cloud workspace.

Fine-tuning retrains a pre-trained model on selected examples so it behaves more consistently for a task, tone, or domain.

FinOps is a cloud financial management discipline that makes spend visible and aligns engineering decisions with business goals.

Firebase provides ready-made backend services for mobile and web apps, including authentication, databases, hosting, messaging, and analytics.

A firewall filters traffic between devices and networks using rules, allowing approved connections while blocking suspicious or unauthorized access.

Flutter is a Google-backed UI framework that uses Dart to build mobile, web, and desktop apps from a single codebase.

A foreign key links a value in one table to a key in another table, preserving referential integrity in relational databases.

Freemium is a SaaS model where basic use is free while advanced features, capacity, or support require a paid plan.

FTP is an older protocol for transferring files over a network; because it lacks encryption, SFTP or HTTPS is usually preferred today.

GDPR regulates personal data processing for people in the EU and EEA, defining transparency duties, individual rights, and controller obligations.

Generative engine optimization makes content discoverable, understandable, and trustworthy for AI-powered search and answer experiences.

GİB integration connects ERP or accounting software to Turkish e-Belge channels for e-Fatura, e-Arşiv, and related tax document workflows.

Git is distributed version control that tracks code changes through commits and lets teams work in parallel with branching and merging.

GitFlow is a Git workflow that assigns separate roles to main, develop, feature, release, and hotfix branches for controlled releases.

GitHub hosts Git repositories and brings software teams together with pull requests, issues, packages, security features, and automation.

GitHub Actions runs test, build, security, and deployment automation through YAML workflows triggered by repository events.

GitHub Copilot is an AI developer assistant that suggests code, tests, and explanations directly inside supported editors.

GitOps is a deployment approach where desired infrastructure and application state is stored in Git and synced automatically.

Google Analytics measures visitor sources, behavior paths, and conversion events across websites and applications.

Google Cloud is Google's managed cloud platform for workloads ranging from virtual machines to data warehouses and AI services.

Google Search Console is a free tool for monitoring search performance, indexing status, and technical SEO issues.

A graph database models entities as nodes and edges, making relationship-heavy queries fast and natural in NoSQL systems.

GraphQL is a schema-based API query language and runtime that lets clients select exactly the fields they need.

GraphQL Federation combines independently owned schemas so multiple teams can expose one unified GraphQL supergraph.

A GraphQL schema is the contract layer that defines API types, queries, mutations, and relationships between fields.

A GraphQL Subscription is an operation type that streams server events to clients in real time while a connection stays open.

gRPC is an RPC framework that uses Protocol Buffers and HTTP/2 for fast, type-safe communication between services.

AI hallucination is when a model produces information that sounds plausible but is false, unsupported, or not grounded in the source.

A hash table is a data structure that maps keys into buckets with a hash function for fast lookup, insert, and delete.

Hashing is a one-way process that turns data into a fixed-length digest for password storage and integrity checks.

A headless browser loads pages without opening a visible UI, enabling automation for tests, scraping, and PDF generation.

Headless checkout separates the payment UI from the commerce backend, using APIs for cart, payment, tax, shipping, and order creation.

A headless CMS stores content in an admin system and delivers it through APIs to websites, mobile apps, kiosks, and other channels.

Headless commerce decouples the e-commerce backend from the storefront and connects sales channels through APIs.

Helm packages Kubernetes manifests into versioned charts, making application configuration and deployment repeatable.

Hepsiburada integration automatically syncs product, inventory, price, order, shipping, and invoice data with the Hepsiburada marketplace.

Hetzner is a German provider offering VPS, dedicated servers, storage, and cloud networking from European data centers.

A honeypot is an isolated decoy system, service, account, or data trap used to observe attacker behavior and generate early warnings.

Hono is a lightweight TypeScript framework for building fast APIs on Cloudflare Workers and other edge runtimes.

A hotfix is a small urgent patch released to fix a critical production issue without waiting for the normal release cycle.

Hreflang is an HTML signal that tells search engines the language and regional target of equivalent multilingual pages.

HRM is an enterprise management system for digitizing HR processes from recruitment to payroll and performance.

HTML is the markup language that defines the structure of headings, paragraphs, links, forms, media, and other web content.

htmx is a lightweight library that adds AJAX, WebSocket, and partial server-rendered updates through HTML attributes.

HTTP is the core web communication protocol that defines request-response exchanges between browsers, API clients, and servers.

HTTP methods are standard verbs that tell a server whether a resource should be read, created, updated, partially changed, or deleted.

HTTP status codes are three-digit response signals showing whether a request succeeded, was redirected, or failed on the client or server side.

HTTP/2 speeds up web pages and API responses by using multiple streams and compressed headers over a single connection.

HTTP/3 runs HTTP semantics over QUIC and UDP, reducing connection setup time and limiting the impact of packet loss.

HTTPS encrypts HTTP traffic with TLS, providing confidentiality, integrity, and server identity between user, browser, and server.

A hybrid app is built with web technologies inside a native container, sharing one codebase while accessing mobile device features.

Hydration attaches browser-side JavaScript behavior to server-rendered HTML so a static interface becomes interactive.

Hyperautomation combines RPA, AI, process mining, and integrations to automate end-to-end business processes across multiple systems.

IaaS lets teams rent virtual servers, storage, and networking from the cloud while managing the operating system layer themselves.

Idempotency ensures a repeated API or payment request produces one intended result instead of duplicating the operation.

An idempotency key is a unique token on retryable API requests that prevents duplicate payments, orders, or records.

An idempotent operation leaves the system in the same final state whether the same request runs once or several times.

Image optimization makes pages load faster through correct sizing, modern formats, compression, responsive delivery, and loading strategy.

IMAP keeps email on the server and synchronizes folders, read state, flags, and mailbox changes across multiple devices.

Immutable infrastructure replaces servers with new images or instances for every change instead of patching running machines in place.

In-app purchase lets mobile apps sell digital content, subscriptions, or features through Apple and Google payment systems.

Index coverage shows in Search Console whether URLs are indexed by Google, not indexed, or excluded, and explains the reason.

IndexedDB is a browser database for storing large structured data persistently with indexes and asynchronous access.

Infrastructure as Code defines servers, networks, and cloud resources in versioned code files instead of manual console configuration.

Infrastructure monitoring collects metrics from servers, networks, databases, and cloud resources to catch failure signals early.

INP measures the time from user clicks, taps, or keyboard interactions until the page can show the next visual response.

Integration testing verifies the expected data flow when multiple modules, services, or external systems work together.

Intelligent automation adds AI to rule-based workflows to automate document, message, classification, and decision processes.

Intelligent document processing uses OCR and AI to extract, classify, and validate data from invoices, forms, and contracts.

An internal developer platform standardizes how teams create, deploy, and operate services through self-service workflows.

Intersection Observer is a browser API that asynchronously detects when an element enters or leaves the viewport or a chosen container.

Inventory management tracks quantities, locations, purchase orders, and shipments so teams can make accurate stock decisions.

Invoice automation connects sales, approval, e-Fatura/e-Arşiv, and accounting records through rule-based workflows with fewer manual errors.

IoT connects sensors, machines, and devices to the internet so they can collect data, share status, and be managed remotely.

An IP address is a numeric label used to identify devices on a network and route data packets to the correct destination.

IPv6 is the IP version with 128-bit addressing, expanding beyond IPv4 limits for broader and more efficient modern networking.

Islands architecture keeps most of a page as static HTML and hydrates only the interactive UI sections as separate islands.

iyzico is a payment service provider widely used in Turkey for e-commerce, offering easy integration and secure payment infrastructure.

Jamstack is a web architecture approach based on JavaScript, APIs, and pre-built Markup for fast, secure, and scalable websites.

JavaScript is a dynamic programming language that runs in web browsers and is used to create interactive web interfaces.

Jest is a popular testing framework developed by Facebook for JavaScript and TypeScript, known for its ease of use.

JSON is a lightweight, human-readable data exchange format and the most widely used format for transferring data in APIs.

Jupyter Notebook is an interactive development environment that combines code, text, and visualizations — widely used for data science and research.

JWT is a signed and encoded JSON-based token standard used to carry verifiable claims between APIs, clients, and services.

Kanban is a methodology for tracking work through visual board columns (To Do, In Progress, Done) and optimizing flow with WIP limits.

Kibana is the visual component of the ELK Stack for visualizing and analyzing log and metric data stored in Elasticsearch.

A knowledge graph models entities such as people, products, documents, and processes with relationships that systems can query.

Kotlin is a modern programming language with concise syntax developed by JetBrains, the official language for Android app development.

A KPI is a critical performance indicator used in decision-making that evaluates how well a business is achieving its strategic goals.

Kubernetes orchestrates containerized services across server clusters, handling deployment, scaling, updates, and recovery.

A Pod is the smallest deployment unit in Kubernetes, containing one or more containers with shared network and storage resources.

KVKK is Turkey's Personal Data Protection Law, setting legal duties for how organizations process, store, and transfer personal data.

A Lambda function is a serverless code unit that runs when triggered, with automatic scaling and pay-per-use billing.

Latency is the time it takes for a network request to travel from source to destination and back; low latency is key to performance.

Lazy loading delays images, videos, or components until they are needed, reducing initial load time and bandwidth use.

LCP is a Core Web Vitals metric measuring the time for the largest visible content element to appear; under 2.5s is considered good.

Let's Encrypt is a nonprofit certificate authority that issues free, automated SSL/TLS certificates through ACME for HTTPS.

Link building is the set of SEO strategies and practices for earning quality backlinks from other websites to your own site.

Linting is the practice of automatically analyzing source code to flag programmatic and stylistic errors using tools like ESLint and Prettier.

An LLM is a model trained on large text datasets that can understand and generate natural language, forming the basis of tools like ChatGPT.

LLMOps is the practice of testing, monitoring, versioning, and safely operating applications built on large language models.

A load balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability and performance.

Load testing is a performance test type that measures system stability and performance under high user traffic.

Log file analysis is the examination of server logs to understand how search engine bots are crawling your website.

Logging is the practice of recording runtime events from applications and systems — critical for debugging and monitoring.

Logo GO and Logo İşbaşı are Logo business software products for SMB sales, inventory, invoicing, customer accounts, and accounting workflows.

Logo Tiger is Logo Yazılım's ERP suite for managing accounting, inventory, sales, purchasing, and production in one system.

Long polling keeps an HTTP request open until the server has new data, giving clients near real-time updates without a persistent socket.

Low-code platforms use visual builders and reusable components so teams can build business applications with limited custom code.

LTV estimates the total gross revenue a customer is expected to generate across their relationship with a product or business.

Machine learning trains models on data patterns so software can make predictions, classifications, or decisions on new examples.

Make, formerly Integromat, connects applications and automates business workflows through a visual scenario builder.

A MITM attack intercepts traffic between two parties so an attacker can read, alter, or redirect communication without consent.

Marketing automation uses rule-based workflows to manage campaigns, lead follow-up, and customer communication at scale.

A marketplace is a multi-seller commerce model that brings product listings, payments, commissions, and fulfillment into one platform.

Marketplace integration syncs products, stock, prices, orders, and invoices with channels such as Trendyol, Hepsiburada, or Amazon.

Master data is the core set of business records, such as customers, products, suppliers, and accounts, shared across systems.

Master Data Management governs critical customer, product, and supplier records through a single source, quality rules, and approvals.

A merge request asks teammates to review, discuss, and approve branch changes before they are merged into a main code line.

A message broker queues and routes events or tasks between services, decoupling producers from consumers in distributed systems.

A message queue buffers work between services so producers and consumers can run asynchronously and recover from traffic spikes.

A meta tag is machine-readable information in the HTML head that influences search snippets, social previews, and browser behavior.

MFA protects sign-ins by requiring extra factors such as an authenticator app, device prompt, biometrics, or a security key.

Micro frontend splits a large user interface into smaller applications that independent teams can build, deploy, and compose.

Microservice architecture designs a large application as small services that can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.

Microservice communication is how independent services exchange data and commands through REST, gRPC, events, or message queues.

Azure is Microsoft's cloud platform for virtual machines, databases, identity, analytics, and hybrid cloud services.

Mikro is a Turkish ERP software family covering accounting, inventory, sales, production, payroll, and e-document workflows for businesses.

Model deployment turns a trained machine learning model into an API, batch job, or edge service that runs on production data.

MLOps manages machine learning data, training, deployment, monitoring, and retraining with production engineering discipline.

Mobile app security protects application code, API traffic, sessions, and on-device data from abuse and compromise.

Mobile first starts design and development from small touch screens, then progressively enhances layouts for tablets and desktops.

Model Context Protocol lets AI applications connect to tools, files, and external systems through a shared context interface.

MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database using BSON documents, flexible schemas, indexes, replication, and horizontal scaling.

Monitoring tracks application and infrastructure metrics, logs, and alerts to detect problems before users or SLAs are affected.

A monolith packages the user interface, business logic, and data access layers in one codebase and one deployable unit.

A monorepo keeps multiple apps and packages in one Git repository so tooling, dependencies, and changes can be managed together.

MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe protocol that lets IoT devices exchange topic-based messages through a broker.

MRP uses bills of materials, inventory, orders, and lead times to plan which materials production needs and when.

MRR measures the recurring monthly portion of subscription revenue, showing how new sales, expansion, contraction, and churn affect SaaS growth.

Multi-region architecture runs applications and data across multiple geographic regions to reduce latency, outage impact, and disaster risk.

Multi-tenancy lets one application platform serve many customers while tenant boundaries keep data, configuration, and limits separated.

Multimodal AI can understand and generate across data types such as text, images, audio, video, and structured tables.

Mutual TLS verifies both client and server certificates during a TLS connection, reducing trust in network location alone.

MVC separates application code into Model, View, and Controller layers so data, interface, and request flow responsibilities stay clear.

An MVP is the smallest measurable product version that tests a real user problem and helps teams learn from the market quickly.

MySQL is a relational database that stores SQL data in tables, indexes, and transactions, widely used behind web applications and services.

n11 integration synchronizes a seller's catalog, stock, pricing, orders, and shipping information with the n11 marketplace through APIs.

n8n is a workflow automation tool that connects APIs, databases, and business apps through visual nodes, schedules, and event triggers.

NAT translates private network addresses to public addresses or ports, allowing local devices to communicate across the internet.

NAT64 translates traffic so IPv6-only clients can reach IPv4 services, usually together with DNS64 in transition networks.

A native app is built with a platform's own SDK, language, and interface components, targeting iOS or Android directly.

Netlify deploys static sites and Jamstack applications from Git, combining build automation, a global CDN, and serverless functions.

Netsis is a Turkey-focused ERP family for manufacturing, trade, inventory, finance, and e-document workflows where integration mapping matters.

Network segmentation separates users, servers, and systems into controlled network zones to limit unauthorized access and attack spread.

Next.js extends React with server rendering, static generation, file-based routing, and backend endpoints for production web applications.

Nginx is an event-driven web server that serves static content, proxies requests, and distributes traffic across backend servers.

NLP is the AI field that processes human language as text or speech for tasks such as classification, search, summarization, and generation.

No-code lets teams build business applications with visual components, forms, automations, and data connections instead of writing code.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime on V8 that uses an event loop and asynchronous I/O to handle many server-side connections.

NoSQL databases store data as documents, key-value pairs, wide columns, or graphs, prioritizing flexible schemas and horizontal scale.

npm is the Node.js package ecosystem that manages JavaScript dependencies through a registry, CLI, package.json, and lock files.

NPS is a loyalty survey that groups customers as promoters, passives, or detractors based on how likely they are to recommend a product.

Nuxt.js extends Vue with file-based routing, server rendering, static generation, and backend functions for production web apps.

Nx manages projects inside a monorepo with a dependency graph, task targets, and caching to reduce build and test times in large codebases.

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework that allows third-party applications to access resources without the user's password.

Object storage stores files in a flat structure with metadata and unique IDs — the preferred storage type for media files in web applications.

Observability is the ability to understand a system's internal state from its external outputs (logs, metrics, traces) — a key DevOps principle.

The Observer pattern automatically notifies all attached observers when an object's state changes — an event-driven design pattern.

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) converts printed or handwritten text in images or PDFs into machine-readable digital text.

Odoo is a modular ERP platform combining CRM, sales, inventory, accounting, manufacturing, and e-commerce apps in one suite.

OLAP is a data processing approach optimized for multidimensional analysis, used in business intelligence and reporting systems.

Open Graph tags are meta tags that control how title, description, and image appear when content is shared on social media.

OpenAPI is an open standard for describing RESTful APIs in a machine- and human-readable format, also known as Swagger.

OpenTelemetry is an open-source framework for collecting logs, metrics, and traces in a standard format for application observability.

An order management system centralizes orders from many channels and connects them with inventory, payment, shipping, returns, and ERP workflows.

ORM maps database tables as objects, allowing database operations without writing raw SQL through library abstractions.

ORM migration is the practice of managing database schema changes through code files using ORM tools like Prisma or Drizzle.

OWASP is a nonprofit security organization that publishes resources like the OWASP Top 10 to improve web application security.

PaaS is a cloud service model offering ready-made development environments for building and deploying applications without managing infrastructure.

PageSpeed Insights is Google's free tool for measuring web page performance on mobile and desktop based on Core Web Vitals.

Pagination is a design pattern that breaks large datasets into manageable chunks for performant data delivery in API responses.

Pair programming is an Agile practice where two developers work on the same code simultaneously — one writes, the other reviews.

Pandas is a Python library for data manipulation and analysis that makes it easy to work with tabular data using its DataFrame structure.

Papara is a Turkish electronic money institution offering personal and business accounts, money transfers, prepaid cards, and payment services.

Param is a Turkey-based payment provider used for virtual POS, card collection, payment links, and digital payment flows for businesses.

Parasut is a cloud accounting tool for Turkish small businesses, covering e-Invoice, expenses, receivables, inventory, and basic finance workflows.

A passkey is a phishing-resistant sign-in method that uses a device-held private key plus biometric or PIN approval instead of passwords.

A payment API is a programmatic interface that allows applications to securely initiate, verify, and manage payment transactions.

A payment gateway is a system that securely processes customer payment information in e-commerce transactions, bridging the merchant and bank.

PCI DSS is the payment card security standard for protecting cardholder data across systems that store, process, or transmit it.

PDF generation is the process of dynamically creating PDF documents (invoices, reports, certificates) from HTML/CSS templates or database data.

Penetration testing is an authorized security assessment that uses controlled attacks to find vulnerabilities in applications, networks, or infrastructure.

A performance budget sets measurable limits for a web page, such as file size, request count, and loading time, before regressions ship.

Phishing tricks users with fake messages or sites to steal passwords, payment data, or approval for unauthorized actions.

A pillar page is a central SEO page that covers a broad topic and links to deeper supporting content around its subtopics.

Platform engineering builds shared infrastructure products that help software teams ship services securely and repeatably.

Playwright is an open-source browser automation tool for testing web user flows across Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit with repeatable scripts.

pnpm is a JavaScript package manager that stores dependencies once in a content-addressed store and links them into projects quickly.

Polling vs webhooks compares scheduled status checks with event-driven callbacks for keeping integrated systems synchronized.

A POS system is point-of-sale software and hardware that handles sales, payments, receipts, inventory updates, and shift operations.

PostgreSQL is an open-source ACID-compliant relational database that combines SQL, JSON support, indexing, and extensibility.

Postman is an API collaboration platform for sending requests, organizing collections, writing tests, and sharing documentation.

A primary key is a non-null, non-repeating column or column set that uniquely identifies each row in a database table.

Prisma is a modern ORM for TypeScript and Node.js that manages database schemas, migrations, and type-safe queries in one workflow.

Process mining analyzes ERP, CRM, and workflow logs to reveal real process paths, bottlenecks, rework, and deviations from the intended flow.

Product analytics measures how users move through a product, where they drop off, and which behaviors predict retention.

A backlog is a living list of pending product features, bugs, and technical work, ordered by priority, value, and readiness.

A product feed sends product titles, prices, inventory, images, and category data to marketplaces, ad platforms, and comparison channels.

A product roadmap shows the planned order of features and improvements based on user needs, business goals, and technical dependencies.

Product-led growth makes the product experience the main driver of acquisition, activation, expansion, and revenue before sales handoff.

Product-market fit is the stage where demand, usage, and retention signals show that a product solves a real customer problem well enough to scale.

Prompt engineering designs instructions, context, examples, and constraints so language models produce more useful, consistent, and reviewable output.

Prompt injection is an attack where user or external content tries to override hidden instructions and steer an AI model.

Publish-subscribe is a messaging pattern where publishers send events to topics and subscribers receive matching messages.

A push notification is an app message delivered to a user's device through a permission and subscription flow, even when the app is closed.

A push notification strategy plans who receives which message, when, and why while balancing value, permission, and fatigue.

A PWA uses a service worker, web app manifest, and responsive design to make a website installable, resilient, and closer to an app experience.

Python is a readable general-purpose programming language widely used for web development, automation, data analysis, and artificial intelligence.

A QR code is a camera-readable two-dimensional barcode that quickly carries URLs, product data, payment links, or form destinations.

Query optimization improves database queries by reducing reads, choosing useful indexes, and shaping efficient execution plans.

QUIC is a modern UDP-based transport protocol with built-in TLS 1.3 encryption that gives HTTP/3 faster connection setup and recovery.

Qwik is a web framework that resumes application state from HTML and loads JavaScript on demand for fast startup.

RabbitMQ is a message broker that routes messages between producer and consumer applications through AMQP queues and exchanges.

RAG is an AI architecture where a language model retrieves relevant passages from documents or databases before generating an answer.

Ransomware is malware that encrypts systems or files, blocks access, and demands payment from the victim organization.

Rate limiting protects APIs by capping how many requests a user, IP address, or token can send within a defined time window.

Rate limiting strategies balance API request speed with fixed window, sliding window, leaky bucket, or token bucket algorithms.

RBAC is an authorization model that assigns permissions to job roles instead of individual users, making access management easier to govern.

React Native is a cross-platform mobile framework that uses JavaScript and React components to build native interfaces for iOS and Android.

React Server Components render selected UI parts on the server and send results without shipping their component code to the browser.

React is an open-source JavaScript library for building user interfaces from reusable components that update efficiently when state changes.

A recommendation engine ranks products, content, or actions for each user based on behavior, item features, and context.

A recurring payment automatically collects approved subscription or service fees from a customer at fixed intervals through a saved payment method.

Redis is an in-memory key-value NoSQL system used for low-latency caching, queues, counters, and session data.

Redux centralizes application state in a store and makes changes traceable through an action and reducer flow, mostly in React apps.

Refactoring improves the internal structure, readability, and maintainability of working software without changing what users experience.

Remix is a React-based full-stack framework that combines routes, loaders, actions, and HTTP caching around web standards.

The Repository pattern hides data source details behind a consistent interface so business code can read and write data without knowing storage details.

Reranking re-scores an initial result set with a stronger model so the most relevant documents move to the top reliably.

Responsive design adapts one web interface to different screen widths, input methods, and device capabilities without separate mobile pages.

A REST API designs web services around resources and HTTP methods, making integrations predictable across web and mobile systems.

The Retry pattern handles transient network or service failures by repeating an operation with controlled timing and limits.

A reverse proxy sits in front of backend servers, routing client traffic while handling TLS termination, caching, security, and load balancing.

A rich snippet is an enhanced search result that can show ratings, prices, availability, dates, breadcrumbs, or other details from structured data.

robots.txt is a plain text file at a site's root that tells search engine crawlers which URL areas they may or may not crawl.

A rollback restores a system to a previous known-good state after a faulty deployment, configuration change, or data operation.

RPA uses software bots to perform repetitive, rule-based office tasks through screens, forms, and existing business applications.

S3 is an API-based cloud object storage model that stores files as objects in buckets for scalable, durable storage.

SaaS delivers software by subscription through a browser or app, with hosting, updates, and operations handled by the provider.

SaaS architecture designs multi-tenancy, subscription management, scalability, security, and observability as one product infrastructure.

SaaS integration connects CRM, accounting, e-commerce, support, and other cloud tools through APIs, webhooks, or managed file flows.

The Saga pattern splits a distributed business transaction into steps and uses compensating actions to preserve consistency when a step fails.

SAML carries signed XML authentication assertions between an identity provider and a service provider, commonly for enterprise SSO.

Sanity is a headless CMS where teams define content models in code and query structured content with GROQ for websites and apps.

SAP integration securely connects SAP ERP or S/4HANA data with e-commerce, CRM, warehouse, finance, and custom software systems.

Sass/SCSS is a CSS preprocessor that adds variables, mixins, nesting, and modules to organize large style codebases.

Schema.org is a structured data vocabulary that describes page content to search engines through machine-readable markup such as JSON-LD.

SCM manages the end-to-end supply chain, coordinating suppliers, inventory, production, logistics, and customer delivery.

Scrum is an Agile framework for managing product work through short sprints, clear roles, a visible backlog, and regular feedback loops.

An SDK packages libraries, tools, sample code, and documentation that help developers build for a specific platform, device, or service.

Secrets management securely stores, distributes, rotates, and audits sensitive values such as API keys, passwords, and certificates.

Security headers are HTTP response rules that tell browsers how to load and protect a page, reducing XSS and clickjacking risk.

Self-serve onboarding helps users set up a product and reach first value without waiting for sales or support assistance.

Semantic search finds relevant results by comparing the meaning of queries and content, not only matching exact keywords.

Semantic SEO plans content around search intent, topic clusters, entities, and conceptual relationships instead of isolated keywords.

Semantic Versioning uses MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH numbers to distinguish breaking changes, backward-compatible features, and bug fixes.

Sentry groups application errors with stack traces, releases, environments, and user impact so teams can monitor production issues.

SEO improves how search engines crawl, understand, and rank a site so it can appear for relevant searches without paid ads.

A SERP is the results page shown after a search query, including organic listings, ads, maps, images, featured snippets, and more.

Serverless is a cloud architecture model where server provisioning and capacity planning move to the provider while code runs in response to events.

A serverless function is a short-lived cloud code unit triggered by events such as HTTP requests, queue messages, cron jobs, or file uploads.

A service mesh manages traffic between microservices through a proxy layer, adding mTLS, observability, routing, and policy controls.

A service worker is a browser script that runs separately from the page, intercepting requests to manage caching, push, and offline behavior.

A session links a user's identity and temporary state across requests in a web application, using server-side or client-side storage.

SFTP transfers files over an SSH connection through encrypted command and data channels, supporting key-based authentication.

Sharding splits a large dataset into independent pieces called shards, distributing read and write load across multiple servers.

Shift left testing moves automated checks into requirements, design, and coding stages so defects are found before production.

Shipping integration connects an e-commerce platform to carrier APIs (Yurtiçi, Aras, MNG) for automated shipment management.

Shopify is a cloud e-commerce platform combining hosting, payments, themes, product, order, and app ecosystem management in one admin.

The Singleton pattern ensures a class has one application-wide instance, centralizing access to shared resources or configuration.

Sipay is a Turkey-based payment institution offering virtual POS, payment links, marketplace payments, and digital wallet solutions.

SRE applies software engineering to reliability work, including automation, incident response, capacity planning, and service targets.

A sitemap is an XML roadmap that tells search engines about indexable URLs, last modification dates, and alternate language versions.

An SLA defines uptime, response time, resolution targets, measurement methods, and remedies between a provider and a customer.

SLIs and SLOs define measurable service signals and the reliability targets teams commit to for those signals over time.

SMTP is the standard transfer protocol that sends email from clients to mail servers and relays it between servers toward the recipient domain.

SOAP is a web service protocol that carries structured XML envelope messages using WSDL contracts, type safety, and enterprise standards.

SOLID is a set of five object-oriented design principles for making classes easier to understand, test, and adapt to change.

An SPA updates the interface without full page reloads after the first HTML load, using JavaScript routing and API-driven data.

SPF is an email authentication control that publishes approved sending servers in DNS, helping receivers spot spoofed domain mail.

A Sprint is a short, time-boxed Scrum cycle where a team plans, builds, and delivers work toward a specific product goal.

SQL is the standard language for querying, changing, and reporting on structured data stored in relational database tables.

SQL injection occurs when untrusted input is mixed into SQL queries, creating risks of data leaks, privilege abuse, or record deletion.

SSE is a web standard for sending one-way live updates from a server to a browser over a long-lived HTTP connection.

SSG prebuilds pages into HTML during deployment, creating fast, cache-friendly sites that need little server work per request.

SSH is a network protocol for encrypted remote login, command execution, and secure file transfer on remote servers.

An SSL certificate proves a site's domain identity and binds encryption keys to a trusted chain for HTTPS connections.

SSL pinning makes a mobile app trust only an expected certificate or public key, reducing man-in-the-middle risk.

SSL/TLS is the protocol family that provides identity checks, key agreement, and encrypted data transfer between clients and servers.

SSO is a centralized sign-in model that lets users access multiple applications securely after one authentication session.

SSR renders page HTML on the server for each request, sending ready content to the browser to improve first view and SEO.

Static code analysis reviews source code without running the application, catching bugs, security flaws, and quality issues early.

A stored procedure is a named SQL block saved in the database and called with parameters to run repeatable data operations.

Storybook isolates UI components from the app so teams can develop, document, and visually test them in many states.

The Strangler Fig pattern replaces parts of an old monolith with new services step by step, spreading modernization risk.

Strapi is an open-source, self-hostable headless CMS that turns content models into APIs for websites and apps.

Structured data explains page meaning to search engines through standard markup such as JSON-LD, Microdata, or RDFa.

A subnet divides an IP address range into smaller network sections for routing, security boundaries, and address management.

Subscription billing manages recurring charges, plan changes, taxes, invoices, and failed-payment retries for SaaS and membership products.

A subscription model gives customers access through recurring payment and is managed through revenue, usage, and churn metrics.

Supabase is a PostgreSQL-based backend platform with auth, file storage, and real-time APIs for faster app development.

A supply chain attack compromises a dependency, tool, build step, or vendor account to reach a target system indirectly.

Svelte is a web framework that compiles components into optimized JavaScript, reducing runtime code for user interfaces.

Swift is Apple's modern, safe, and high-performance programming language for building iOS, macOS, and watchOS applications.

Synthetic data is generated to mimic real data's statistical properties for testing, analysis, and machine learning training.

Tailwind CSS turns design choices into small utility classes, letting teams style interfaces consistently inside HTML.

TanStack Query manages server data in React apps through query keys, caching, background refresh, and synchronization.

TCP/IP is the protocol suite that defines addressing, packet routing, and reliable data transfer across internet-connected networks.

TDD is a development practice where a failing test is written first, then the smallest passing implementation shapes the design.

Technical debt is deferred design, testing, or architecture work that accumulates as maintenance risk after short-term delivery choices.

Technical documentation explains how software is installed, used, operated, and changed so teams can work without relying on memory.

Technical SEO improves site infrastructure so search engines can crawl, render, index, and evaluate pages quickly and reliably.

Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code tool that manages cloud resources through HCL configuration, provider plugins, and state files.

Test automation runs selected test scenarios repeatedly with tools and sends the results into CI pipelines or reporting systems.

The Twelve-Factor App is a methodology for building portable SaaS services by separating code, config, dependencies, processes, and runtime concerns.

Throughput measures the number of requests, transactions, or data units a system can process per second, minute, or hour.

Time to Value measures how long it takes a new user to reach the first meaningful outcome inside a product or service.

A time-series database optimizes storage, compression, and time-based queries for timestamped metrics, logs, and sensor data.

A token is a word, subword, character, or symbol unit that language models process, shaping context size, cost, and speed.

Token refresh obtains a new short-lived access token with a refresh token, keeping sessions active without asking users to log in again.

Topical authority strengthens search visibility by building a trusted content network around a subject and its subtopics.

A transactional email is a required one-to-one system message sent because of a user action or an account state change.

Tree shaking analyzes the ES module dependency graph and removes unused exports from the production JavaScript bundle.

Trendyol integration synchronizes a seller's products, stock, prices, orders, invoices, and shipping updates with Trendyol APIs.

A trigger starts a database action, integration step, or automation workflow when a specific event or condition occurs.

tRPC carries server procedure types to TypeScript clients end to end without requiring a separate API schema or code generation step.

TTFB measures the time from sending a browser request to receiving the first response byte, exposing server and network delay.

TTL defines how long DNS records or cache entries are considered valid before they must be requested or generated again.

Turborepo reduces monorepo build time by running tasks from a dependency graph with local or remote caching and parallel execution.

TypeScript adds a static type system to JavaScript, helping teams catch errors during compilation and manage large codebases.

UDP sends datagrams without establishing a connection, choosing low latency and low protocol overhead over delivery guarantees.

UI covers the visual layout of screens, buttons, forms, menus, states, and feedback components users interact with in a product.

A unit test verifies a small code unit such as a function or class quickly and automatically while isolating external dependencies.

Upsell increases cart or subscription value by offering a broader, more expensive, or higher-value version of the chosen product.

Uptime expresses how long a system remains accessible outside planned or unplanned outages, usually as a percentage or time window.

Usage-based pricing ties customer spend to consumed resources, events, or transaction volume instead of a fixed plan alone.

Onboarding is the initial user experience process designed to help new users quickly understand and adopt a product's value.

Retention measures how many users return after their first experience, showing whether a product creates lasting value and habit.

A user story is a short product requirement that explains who needs a feature, what they need, and why it matters.

UX improves how users learn, navigate, and complete tasks in a digital product through research, design, and testing.

A vector database stores embeddings and retrieves records by semantic similarity, making it a core layer in AI search systems.

A vector index speeds up similarity search by organizing embeddings so nearest neighbors can be found efficiently at scale.

Vercel is a cloud hosting and deployment platform that ships frontend applications from Git workflows to an edge network.

View Transition API lets browsers animate between old and new page or state views during navigation and UI updates.

The Virtual DOM is a lightweight in-memory representation used to calculate UI changes before updating the real DOM.

A virtual POS connects an online store to a bank or payment institution so it can accept card payments securely over the internet.

Vite is a frontend tool that uses ESM for a fast dev server and Rollup to produce optimized production bundles.

A VLAN separates devices into logical network groups on shared hardware, isolating traffic and tightening access control.

A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between a device and a target network, protecting traffic and enabling private access.

A VPS is a hosting model that provides isolated resources and administrative control inside a virtualized physical server.

Vue.js is a progressively adoptable JavaScript framework for building component-based interfaces with reactive data binding.

A vulnerability is a weakness in software or infrastructure that can enable unauthorized access, data leakage, or outage.

A WAF analyzes HTTP traffic at the application layer to filter SQL injection, XSS, malicious bots, and abusive requests.

Web accessibility ensures that users with disabilities can use content, forms, and workflows with assistive technologies.

Web Components use Custom Elements, Shadow DOM, and templates to create framework-independent custom HTML elements.

A web font displays brand-specific typography through font files downloaded by the browser and must be loaded carefully.

Web scraping reads data from web pages through automation and turns it into structured output for tracking and analysis.

Web Storage stores small key-value data in the browser through localStorage and sessionStorage for client-side state.

Web Vitals are Google's metrics for monitoring page experience through loading speed, interaction latency, and visual stability.

A Web Worker lets JavaScript run CPU-heavy tasks in a background thread separate from the main UI, keeping pages responsive.

WebAssembly runs compiled code from languages like C, Rust, or Go inside browsers and edge runtimes with portable performance.

WebAuthn is a web standard that lets browsers use security keys and passkeys for strong, passwordless authentication.

A webhook lets one system automatically send an HTTP request to another when an event occurs, so updates arrive without polling.

Webhook security verifies incoming event callbacks with signatures, timestamps, replay protection, and strict endpoint controls.

WebP is a modern image format that reduces web image size with lossy, lossless, transparency, and animation support.

Webpack analyzes JavaScript, CSS, and asset dependencies as a module graph and produces browser-ready bundles.

WebRTC is a real-time communication standard for plugin-free audio, video, and data channels between browsers and mobile apps.

WebSocket starts with an HTTP upgrade and provides persistent, bidirectional real-time messaging between client and server.

A WebSocket server is the backend component that keeps persistent client connections and routes real-time messages.

WooCommerce is an open-source e-commerce plugin that adds products, cart, payments, shipping, and orders to WordPress.

WordPress is an open-source CMS used for content management, corporate sites, publishing, and plugin-based web projects.

A workflow defines which tasks happen, in what order, by whom, and under which rules to reach a business or system goal.

Workflow automation moves repeatable business work forward with triggers, rules, and integrations instead of manual handoffs.

A workflow engine defines and executes process steps, business rules, task assignments, and state transitions.

XML is a tag-based data format for hierarchical records, still used in SOAP, document archives, and enterprise integrations.

XSS occurs when untrusted content runs as script in the browser, risking session theft, forged actions, and data exposure.

Zapier is a cloud automation tool that connects apps through triggers and actions, making simple workflows possible without code.

Zero Trust continuously validates each user, device, and request by identity, context, and permission instead of trusting network location.

Zod is a TypeScript-first validation library that checks form, API, and environment data against schemas at runtime.

Zustand is a hook-based state management library for React apps that need small, fast, global stores without heavy boilerplate.